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Licensing and freshwater pearl mussels

Freshwater pearl mussels are one of the most threatened species in the UK, and Scotland holds almost half of the global population of this species.  Because populations are being decimated by illegal pearl fishing this species is a wildlife crime priority.

Licences for survey, science, research and conservation

Surveying for freshwater pearl mussels normally involves carefully and systematically walking stretches of river using a clear-bottomed bucket to look for animals on the river bed.  If carried out correctly this should be able to identify presence or absence of the species.  Sometimes, if it is necessary to do so, and in order to get a better idea on the health of a particular population of pearl mussels, individuals can be carefully lifted from the river bed and measured in order to ascertain the approximate age of the animals.  Both of these activities would require a licence from Scottish Natural Heritage. 

Licences for scientific, research or conservation purposes in relation to freshwater pearl mussels are also the responsibility of Scottish Natural Heritage.  As with all protected species, survey licences are only granted to experienced and appropriately trained individuals.  

Download a licence application form  Word document

Freshwater pearl mussel licensing for social, economic or environmental purposes

It is possible to licence activities that could affect freshwater pearl mussels for social, economic or environmental reasons. This could cover a range of activities including development. However, it is important to note that licences may only be issued for this purpose provided that:

  • the activity authorised by the licence will contribute to significant social, economic or environmental benefit; and,
  • there is no other satisfactory solution  PDF document .

*NEW* Guidance for applicants  PDF document - on the new licensing purpose for non-bird species protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 for 'social, economic or environmental purposes'.

If freshwater pearl mussels are likely to be found in or close to the site in question then it is strongly recommended that you have a survey undertaken by a suitably qualified and experienced person. If they are found then the surveyor should identify what impact the proposal might have on them and whether or not the proposed works could result in an offence.

Download an application form  Word document  

Possession of freshwater pearl mussels or their pearls

It is also illegal to possess mussels or pearls collected since 1998 (when the law was changed to give them further protection).  It is also illegal to sell, or advertise for sale, freshwater pearl mussels or their pearls unless done under licence from the Scottish Natural Heritage species licensing team.